Definition and Examples of Phonotactics in Phonology

Online Technology, Mainly The Use Of Internet, Was Not

Online technology, mainly the use of internet, was not prevalent until the 1990s. The ease of finding information on any topic took time and effort before the internet took over. This meant that if one wanted to learn how to live a healthy lifestyle, he or she must actively be searching for the information. Sources such as fitness magazines, commercial ads, and articles in the newspaper were the popular outlets of the fitness industry that helped lead people to healthier lives pre-1990s. Misinformation was propagated throughout these fitness magazines according to a study done by Shimansky which says, â€Å"while many of the magazines in the study did cover a variety of topics each month, they were generally superfluous and not accurately†¦show more content†¦These programs and plans can be accessed within seconds and they do not cost any money. Based on my two-year experience with researching and finding plans through this app, I have had positive results on my strength ga ins and physique. BodyBuilding also provides a forum that allows anybody to ask questions related to fitness and nutrition. This forum is useful when an experienced fitness or nutrition trainer answers the questions and provides evidence for their advice. Information from this forum can easily be checked by finding other sources on the internet that relate to the question. This app shows that through the technological advances of the internet, one can easily access free, quality information regarding fitness and nutrition in seconds. As well as providing free fitness and nutrition programs, BodyBuilding sells supplements that help one achieve a healthy lifestyle. A popular supplement such as whey protein powder is widely used by many athletes to alleviate hunger. This protein powder can be used as a substitute for an unhealthy snack such as junk foods. Taking protein powder after training is also shown to â€Å"reduce muscle soreness and markers of muscle damage become more evident when supplemental protein is consumed after daily training sessions (Effects of Protein Supplements on Muscle Damage, Soreness and Recovery of Muscle Function and Physical Performance: A Systematic Review 1).† AllShow MoreRelatedAn Unsupervised Child On The Internet917 Words   |  4 Pageshad me when she was 42 years old, she is a traditional Mexican woman. She had lived here in the U.S. for a long time my older siblings spent the majority of their childhood here. By the time I was 12 all of my siblings had moved out. It was just my parents and I. At that time we had a computer and I would go on it habitually, my parents never monitored what I was doing or who I was speaking to. Mainly because they didn’t know how, or they weren’t aware of the advances that technology brought into playRead MoreFilm Theater : A Movie Theater1524 Words   |  7 Pagesall the fun that people can have in Movie Theater. Technological factors †¢ 3-D equipped †¢ Digital age †¢ The IMAX As we know today all the world is using 3-D. It’s a new technology which entered not only to Movie Theaters. Today all the famous companies like Sony and Samsung start producing TVs mainly with 3-D technology. So 3-D is becoming kind of part of our life. Now we want to see everything in 3-D and this tendency is giving a good chance to Movie Theaters to get more profit. In all theRead More Digital Revolution Essay1517 Words   |  7 Pagescyberspace is a whole other world on earth. The widespread impact and use of the Internet did not mesmerize the world until the early 1990s. The author, John Schwartz, examines some of the effects the Internet has had on a small town. Another author, Dale Spender, focuses on the effects of the Internet on the world as a whole. In spite of everything, the Internet is an innovative technology and the consequences that the Internet has on the world is unknown. Dale Spender is a feminist scholar,Read MoreE Learning And Its Impact On Our Classrooms And How It Has Changed The Way We Grasp Information1292 Words   |  6 PagesAs we rewind back in time there was a point where technology was non-existing inside our schools and even our everyday lifestyles. We depended on our basic textbooks and daily newspapers to relay information in a detailed manner in which we can understand and learn. As time continued to pass learning has begun to flourish in every aspect imaginable.   Computers have made human’s life so easy and comfortable like never before. Starting from communication to learning and shopping everything is so instantRead MoreE-Commerce Industry Analysis- Porters1596 Words   |  7 Pagesdelivery and technology in recent years like Cash on Delivery, CRM * Introduction of Guarantied replacement approach.Rivalry- * Business model is easy to copy * Beginning of extreme price war has led to difficult profit making. | Demand Conditions | * +Rise in disposable income * -Severe market competition * -Wide prevalence of cash economy * -Higher consumer loyalty | Factor Conditions | * Internet penetration * Acceptability of internet shopping *Read MoreBrowser Wars1282 Words   |  6 Pagesproduct; Microsoft was able to knock them out of the competition for Internet browser control. This was accomplished mainly by bundling Microsoft’s Internet browser, Internet Explorer, with its operating systems. Netscape was unable to compete and was ultimately purchased by America Online. AOL can now utilize several of the Netscape’s strengths to add value to their base product as an Internet portal and in establishing the browser of the future that will be used in non-PC Internet connected devicesRead MoreOnline Shopping And Online Business Model Essay1105 Words   |  5 Pagesperception towards online shopping and online business model. The field work was done with the help of questionnaire and the summary of finding of the study is given below separately as follows:- 1. Most of the respondents have done online shopping the mode of payment is cash on delivery and is one of the major mode used for payment. 2. Some of them who didn’t prefer online shopping are mainly due to risk in credit transaction cheap quality products 3. The biggest attraction towards online shopping isRead MoreDigital Revolution : E Commerce1145 Words   |  5 Pages3.The Digital revolution: E-commerce The internet is being developed rapidly since last two decades, and with relevant digital economy that is driven by information technology also being developed worldwide. After a long term development of internet, which rapidly increased web users and highly speed internet connection, and some new technology also have been developed and used for web developing, those lead to firms can promote and enhance images of product and services through web site. (ArjunRead MoreValue Chain Analysis1651 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction. Information technology is an emerging concept and various organizations are adopting the concept in their businesses. In order to remain at the fore front in the current dynamic world, then an organization should adopt the various application of information technology. This will put the organization at the forefront in terms of innovation as well as give the organization a competitive advantage (Hitt amp; Robert, 2011, p.10). Value chain analysis is a model that was developed by MichaelRead MoreOnline Games Addiction And Its Effects On Society810 Words   |  4 PagesIt is widely agreed that the internet is one of the best innovations that has facilitated the life of humanity in the last twentieth century. It has aided most of researchers around the world to develop their studies in different areas such as medical and academic fields since the internet has made the finding of information much easier than before. However, the excessive use of the internet can lead to serious problems that may influence people health and can cause mental and medical complications

Ashford University Free Essays

Your Devices in the Near Future Which input/output devices will you be using in the next one to three years as â€Å"computing† devices? I really have fallen in love with my Dell desktop computer; so until I need to buy a new one I will just stick to what I know. Plus I have a great computer guy that can fix any problem that may arise and he is always updating and putting protective ware on my pc. I also love my computer because it is simple and I can easily print out things that I need. We will write a custom essay sample on Ashford University or any similar topic only for you Order Now I love my Dell! Which features/components/form factors will be prominent? Why? I really do love my Dell computer and don’t really want to get anything new unless I had to. If I did have to get a new device I would buy a desktop for sure. I would want one that is easy to use, simple, and to the point. I really dislike all that fancy stuff. I don’t understand it and I’m comfortable with what I know. There are a few gadgets out there such as the ipad but I really don’t like touch screen stuff. I like touching and the feel of the key board and a mouse. Which features/components/form factors will be important to you? Why? Again the features important to me would just be something simple and Stephanie proof. I am the biggest dork and electronics and I don’t usually get along all that well. I don’t do well with complex devices. I have tried some of them that my friends own but, for me to fork out that kind of cash I would have to go to college just to learn how to operate them. I still have a flip phone and the original iPod. Which applications will you be using on these devices? The only applications that I would be using on my device would be internet explorer, Microsoft office, and to play games. I really don’t use my computer for much more than surfing the web, playing games, and doing my school work. How may these devices change your life in terms of benefits and risks? I don’t think these devices will change my life other than the cost of a new device. I don’t have all the money in the world so I just stick to what I know. I am not against the new and advancing technology but I like the good old days. Also the only thing other than the price tag on these devices is my ability to understand how to operate them. I know I can learn but, for right now I am doing just fine with what I have. How to cite Ashford University, Essay examples

I. Charles Lazarus Biographical Information Essay Example For Students

I. Charles Lazarus Biographical Information Essay Charles Lazarus, one of several children, was born on October 4, 1923. The Lazarus family lived in an apartment above their shop in Washington D.C. His father bought old, broken bicycles, repaired and painted them, and then sold them for a profit. Charles spent a great deal of time in his fathers bicycle shop when he was young. When he grew older, he helped his father fix the bikes and serve customers, as well as give input on how to improve the business. Charles didnt understand why their store didnt sell new bikes, and his father explained that larger stores could buy the bikes cheaper in large quantities and therefore could sell them at discounted prices. Charles often longed for his own store when he grew older. Lazarus was in his early twenties when he left the Army. He didnt want to go to college and knew only one thing: I wanted to work and I wanted to make money. Because of his ambitiousness and hard work ethics, Charles decided to go into retailing. It was his fathers example as well as his years spent in the bicycle shop that gave him much of his business training. II.The History of Toys R UsDuring the post war years of the late forties and early fifties, Charles Lazarus anticipated the baby boom because many soldiers were being discharged from the Army and were beginning to start families. In 1948, he borrowed $2,000 and started his first business, selling baby furniture. His first shop was 40 feet by 60 feet, filled with cribs and baby furniture. After two years of operation, Lazarus realized that many customers had been asking if he stocked baby toys, to which he always replied no. It was at this point that he realized the customers want toys.To begin with, Lazarus stocked only a few infant toys. As the customers kids grew and their needs became more varied, however, he began to sell tricycles, books, and a much wider range of toys. Charles first got the idea for a self-service supermarket while on a trip to New York. He recognized the efficiency of the supermarket grocery stores and decided to reorganize his store, modeling it after a supermarket. In his new reorganized store he had several different styles of an item in stock, as opposed to the one or two styles in his original store that had to be ordered from the company after a customer decided to purchase the item. Not only could he sell the items at a lower price to his customers and still make a profit, but also when a customer chose a particular item, he could deliver it immediately. He renamed his improved store to Baby Furniture and Toy Supermarket. Soon after the reorganization of his first store, Lazarus opened another one. He quickly realized that he would have to invest in training other people to manage the stores and keep them up and running. After deciding that the current name of his store still didnt convey an accurate description of what the store had to offer, which was now primarily toys, he renamed his stores to Toys R Us, with the R reversed. This became the distinctive logo for his company. In later years, Geoffrey the Giraffe would become the companys mascot, and would create a memorable, positive impression with shoppers. III. Toys R Us Current Status In the Market PlaceA. How Toys R Us Exists TodayToday Toys R Us is more successful than ever. With 700 toy stores in America and 441 international stores, they are the largest toy store chain in the world. Along with the Toys R Us toy stores, there are 215 Kids R Us stores in the United States, as well as 98 Babies R Us stores nationwide. The company is listed as common stock on the New York Stock Exchange (see Appendix) and as of March 10, 1998, had 31,700 stockholders on record. .uf71f8de8adaeb222a69283ac62677c23 , .uf71f8de8adaeb222a69283ac62677c23 .postImageUrl , .uf71f8de8adaeb222a69283ac62677c23 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf71f8de8adaeb222a69283ac62677c23 , .uf71f8de8adaeb222a69283ac62677c23:hover , .uf71f8de8adaeb222a69283ac62677c23:visited , .uf71f8de8adaeb222a69283ac62677c23:active { border:0!important; } .uf71f8de8adaeb222a69283ac62677c23 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf71f8de8adaeb222a69283ac62677c23 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf71f8de8adaeb222a69283ac62677c23:active , .uf71f8de8adaeb222a69283ac62677c23:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf71f8de8adaeb222a69283ac62677c23 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf71f8de8adaeb222a69283ac62677c23 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf71f8de8adaeb222a69283ac62677c23 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf71f8de8adaeb222a69283ac62677c23 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf71f8de8adaeb222a69283ac62677c23:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf71f8de8adaeb222a69283ac62677c23 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf71f8de8adaeb222a69283ac62677c23 .uf71f8de8adaeb222a69283ac62677c23-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf71f8de8adaeb222a69283ac62677c23:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Critical Essay On Mary Shelley's FrankensteinB. Market Growth and Expansion StrategiesCharles Lazarus company developed many strategies to stay ahead in the market and of the competition, if any. The most important strategy was buying in quantity in order to sell at a discount. Toys R Us could buy items in large quantities at a discounted price per item because of the large volume. They could then turn around and sell the items to consumers for little above wholesale cost and still make a profit. Lazarus identified another main attraction for customers a large selection. He decided that if people knew that he had, for example, every different type of stroller available, t hey would come to visit his store and see the largest selection of strollers all in one place and save time. He bought not just one line, but everything, so that if a customer wanted to buy a stroller, they would have hundreds to chose from. Although customers only wanted to buy one stroller, they still wanted to see all the strollers that were available. Another way Lazarus figured out how to attract customers was to sell a standard, essential item at outrageous discount, especially in the non-holiday season. The item he chose was Pampers, and his stores are known for selling Pampers at rock bottom prices. However, in every Toys R Us store, the Pampers are located far away from the check out lines. Therefore, shoppers have to walk through the entire store before they can get to the diapers. When the shoppers, most likely with their children, pass all the merchandise, they are bound to leave the store with more than simply a package of diapers. Yet another important attraction for customers, as Lazarus found out, was having an adequate supply of an item the customer wanted. In other stores, a shopper might only find five of the items on his or her list. Therefore they would have to go to other stores to find the other items, which wasted too much time. By using a very complex computerized system, the inventory stays on pace with sales. This helps to reduce the chances of a customer not finding what he or she is looking for on the shelves. When a customer walks into our store with a list of ten items, we hope to have all ten, said Lazarus. C. Competitive MarketIn reality, Toys R Us really has no true competition. While several department stores and smaller toy stores located in shopping malls sell a respectable volume of toys, Charles Lazarus has clearly eliminated all competition. He explains, Department stores have such overhead that they simply cannot compete with what we are able to do. We can sell an item at a much lower price. What we have is more of a distribution system. What weve done more than anything else is to get the merchandise from the manufacturer to our register at the least possible cost.

Odysseus The Hero Essays - Greek Mythology, Ancient Greek Religion

Odysseus the Hero Every Epic follows a certain guideline, it is written in an elevated style consisting of a hero and deeds he does during his travels or journey. In the Odyssey written by Homer, the hero named Odysseus portrays many Hero-like characteristics that can make the reader envious. Homer gives Odysseus 3 traits that fit the definition of a hero like a glove. Odysseus is courageous, has great strength and ability, and exhibits noble qualities. Odysseus shows his courage early on in the Epic by agreeing to go and fight in the Trojan War where he was needed. He knew he was risking never seeing his family again but he was willing to fight. The greatest proof of Odysseus being a true hero was his strength and ability. During the war he showed his smarts. He devised the wooden horse plan, where a bunch of soldier packed into a huge wooden horse and were brought into the city of Troy then came out during the night and burned and attacked the people and the city. The smart thinking of Odysseus ended the 10 year long war. Also in book 21 Penelope held the contest to win her hand. The contest was a simple as; whoever could string Odysseus' bow and shoot the arrow through 12 ax heads would be Penelope's husband. Penelope knew Odysseus was the only person who could perform such a feat. This event showed how strong Odysseus was. After the contest when Odysseus made his presence clear he has the courage and Strength to give the suitors 4 reasons for to die. He tells them you took my house, you took my maids, you tried to take my wife, and you disrespected the gods. It took guts to say that after being gone for 20 years. He shows his strength by proceeding killing all of the suitors without any outside help. Odysseus is a noble character who everyone looks up to. Besides some of the suitors, Odysseus is respected by most of the other characters. Antionoos and Euremakus are especially rude suitors who treated Odysseus like dirt when he was dressed as a beggar. Odysseus treated everyone with the same amount of respect they gave him. When compared with other hero's for example Superman, Odysseus fits right in. He has the traits of a true hero and it shows throughout the Odyssey. Bibliography none

The Free Negro in north Carolina Essays

The Free Negro in north Carolina Essays The Free Negro in north Carolina Essay The Free Negro in north Carolina Essay John Hope Franklins The Free Negro in North Carolina, 1790-1860, written in 1943, examines the growth, legal status, and economic and social life of the free Negro in North Carolina.Franklins purpose was to clarify and explain the status of the free Negro in North Carolina, and how the free Negros status related to the rest of the population. The author revealed the advantages and disadvantages of being a free Negro in antebellum North Carolina through extensive research on laws passed during that time, statistics, and scores of other sources. Franklin discussed in great detail the population growth and the legal status of the free Negro in North Carolina.The free Negro population in this area grew in many ways.Natural increase, manumission of slaves by their owners, influx of runaway slaves, the immigration of slaves from other states, and free Negros who purchased their friends and relatives out of slavery were all reasons the free Negro population grew in North Carolina.Franklin states, It was one thing to inherit or acquire freedom and quite another to maintain it.The Negros right to freedom was continuously questioned, and not infrequently he had to go into court and by certificates, affidavits, and the like prove this right to enjoy the privileges of a free man.The authors opinion of the legal system towards the free Negro questions how much freedom even the free Negro population actually had. The economic and social life of the free Negro was directly impacted by their legal status.The legal system hampered economic and social growth of the free Negro by restricting even their communication with the white or slave population.Education was extremely limited for the free Negro, with the few literate free Negros coming out of the apprenticeship system rather than any formal education.Religious practices were also restricted because the free Neg

Computer Industry Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Computer Industry - Term Paper Example The industry has some gaps in the customer services delivery. One of the problems is due to the improvements carried out on new versions of software. Organizations are incurring costs due to the need to keep on retraining their workers to adapt to change. The developers do not take into consideration this factor and often will get complaints from the users. A case scenario is in the operating system scenario where most machines that were using windows XP are not compatible with windows seven which is the most current operating system. The software industry has also been viewed by the customers as one of the industry that increases costs incurred by companies. This has been brought about by the gap that exists between the available developers and the demand of software. The return policy varies from country to country according to the legal framework of the country. Due to the nature of the industry software can only be returned under some conditions. For instance, the software seal s hould not be tampered so that a product can be accepted back. After returning the product the customer will be refunded with amount of money used in purchasing the software. The customer must return the software to the country of purchase for this to apply. One of the things that I could implement is developing software that can allow backward compatibility of software. This will allow new software produced to be compatible with the legacy systems reducing the cost of acquiring new software on the client. Another solution would be to encourage development of software that takes environmental and working condition of customer into consideration. Software companies should know that the client wishes to enhance productivity of the employees and not completely replace them. This will eliminate the culture that has been there that software is supposed to replace or reduce workforce within the organization. The most important resources within the organization are the employees (Laurie, 20 04). The software industry major players have often denied their employees the ownership of their innovations. Companies own the copyrights of the software created by their employees. To eliminate this problem there is need to make sure that developers also form part of ownership of the software they make. Additionally, employees could be allowed to own shares within the company. This will make them feel being part of the company and will work toward improving the image of the company all the time. The company should also formulate a reward system to boost the morale and motivation. This will be used in recognizing those developers who have produced the most successful products for a certain period of time. Employee’s empowerment can be enhanced by retraining them on the most recent mode of software development. This will ensure that employees will always offer quality products to the clients which will improve the image of the company. Providing developers with the recent to ols of development can ensure that they are on the fast track and up to speed with the current technologies. The developers need to have a development environment which will ensure quick delivery while ensuring quality of the product. Customer service program Handling of complaints from customer will be carried with a lot of care and diligence. This will be done with the aim of achieving customer satisfaction. A call centre will be established which will be required to receive customers calls 24

ELO reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

ELO reflection - Essay Example The heightening of the adrenaline that comes with the speeding of the motorized vehicles is the best feeling. I have therefore developed interests in Play Station games that imitate the sport like ‘Need for Speed’. The excitement has also made me have an ever growing passion on movies such as ‘The Transporter’, ‘Need for Speed’ and ‘Fast and Furious’ (Crossroads Dragway, 2014). I have an interest in both the racing and non racing Motorsport activities. I am more propelled by the speeding effects that come with Motorsport thus making me to enjoy both kinds. I have an interest in automatic car racing, motorcycle racing and motor rallying when it comes to racing type of Motorsport. The non- racing Motorsports events that interest me include drifting, motorcycle trails, tractor pulling, freestyle Motorcross, and regulatory rallies. I have spent several moments in the past years just to get a glimpse of what is happening in these events. Even though I have passion with the Motorsports, I have never developed interest in knowing the participants. The case is different from that of movies since the elevating experience is also more captivating in the latter’s scenario (Crossroads Dragway, 2014). I have been captivated by the Motorsports, but the level differs when it comes to drag racing. The part of drag racing that interests me most is the fact that the competition is usually between two people at a time. In addition, most of the races are normally more competitive with the parties having a small gap as they go through the finish line. Due to the small difference that is experienced, the drag race employs the use of speed sensing systems and electric timing to record the results. The fact that the race course is normally on a straight short course of approximately a quarter mile in length elevates me more. It enables one to be able to see the whole competition

Interpersonal Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Interpersonal Management - Assignment Example in an independent manner including being aware of how I can be able to manage time, do presentations and express my views and opinions to other people. These skills are vital as they assist in the development of the aspects that a person needs for the workplace in future. They are integral in the development of confidence as well as self-esteem as they allow a person to learn to be assertive and develop an awareness of the needs of other people. The interpersonal skills learnt are also important as far as teamwork and responsibility is concerned as they make it easier for an individual to manage particular situations. The interpersonal skills that I have learnt have assisted me to understand that I should not be judgmental towards other people and to share ideas while working as a team through communicating with each other (Sen, 2007). All this aspects are integral and important in any workplace, particularly as far as social care is concerned. I have learnt to appreciate the concepts that are necessary for successful and efficient group work and to enjoy group sessions while contributing. I am now more confident that I am able to contribute positively to the success of any workforce while helping others to appreciate the significance of contributing their perceptions and ideas that are relevant to the prevailing situation. I have learnt to understand that every person has a point and there are always people who are willing to learn from what I have to offer. I have developed skills that assist me to work and collaborate with various individuals in different groups where I can listen to the ideas of others while giving my own. However, I have also learnt that some people are selfish with their ideas and do not contribute much in a group settings, instead, they soak up information that has been contributed by other people and add their own ideas from there. Knowledge that is acquired from subjects such as social policy and considering the manner in which different

Traditional Monoclonal Antibodies and Recombinant Antibodies

Traditional Monoclonal Antibodies and Recombinant Antibodies Introduction: Antibody is a special molecule that present in our bodies to fight against infections and stimulate immune response. Typical antibody is a Y shaped molecule consists of two H (heavy) and two (light) chains. Two antigen-binding fragments (Fabs) are linked with a constant region (Fc)(Brekke and Sandlie 2003). After the discovery of murine monoclonal antibodies produced by hybridoma cells developed by Kohlor and Milstein(Kohler and Milstein 1975), the role of monoclonal antibodies in therapeutics and clinical diagnostics are increasingly important in the last three decades (Laffly and Sodoyer 2005). The term monoclonal antibody is defined as an antibody molecule which is monospecific and derived from a single B cell clone. Results in using fully murine monoclonal antibodies in therapeutics are not ideal and problems aroused in triggering unwanted human immune responses. These problems force the generation of recombinant antibodies in the replacement of traditional monoclonal antibodies. Tailor-made recombinant antibodies fragments increase flexibility both in immunotherapy and immunodiagnostics. The application of minimal form of functional antibodies single-chain antibodies (scFvs) are the most popular form of recombinant antibodies fragments as diagnostic agents (Hagemeyer et al. 2009). In this assignment, the comparison between traditional monoclonal antibodies and recombinant antibodies as therapeutics agents and diagnostics tools will be discussed. From the example of tragedy TGN 1412, the potential risk of using recombinant antibodies in therapeutic agents should not be ignored. Finally, future perspective of recombinant antibodies in gene therapy and using polyclonal antibodies as novel immunotherapeutic strategy will be discussed. Theoretically, probably any kind of monoclonal antibodies can be produced with the aid of hybridoma technique. The continuous culture of hybridoma cells creates an inexhaustible supply of monoclonal antibodies in the laboratories by cell culture or rodent(Nelson, Reynolds et al. 2000). Its highly specificity, stability and homogeneity are ideal for diagnostics and in therapeutic purposes. After the introduction of the first FDA approved drugs OKT3 launched into the market in 1986, the results of using fully murine monoclonal antibodies in human was not promising (Chatenoud, Baudrihaye et al. 1986; Chatenoud, Jonker et al. 1986). This is because murine originated monoclonal antibodies triggered several immunogenic responses in human body. One of the problems arise is human anti-mouse antibodies (HAMA) or anti-globulin antibodies (HAGA) response (DeNardo, Bradt et al. 2003; Presta 2006) generated against the administrated murine antibodies. Studies showed that around 30-75% of patients with solid tumors and relapsed B-cell malignancies developed HAMA response after exposure to murine antibodies (Smith, Nelson et al. 2004; Majidi, Barar et al. 2009). The activation of HAMA response is mainly due to the host antibodies generated against the idiotopes of the administered murine antibodies. Moreover, rapid clearance of murine Abs shortens its serum half-life and relatively ineffective to trigger cytotoxic effect (e.g. ADCC and CDC) compared to human antibodies hindered murine Abs as therapeutics agents (Presta 2006). Based on the above unresolved problems, with the aid of genetic engineering, murine monoclonal antibodies are modified to become less immunogenic and enhance potency in therapeutics and diagnostics. Three different types of recombinant antibodies are generated: chimeric, humanized and human antibody. In chimerization, the murine variable region is fused with the human constant region forming chimeric antibodies(Presta 2006). This modification imitates the human immune system. Although chimeric antibodies is less immunogenic but may trigger human anti-chimeric antibody responses (HACA)(Baert, Noman et al. 2003). Further maturation technique is humanization (hyperchimeric). In this technique, only the complementarity determining regions (CDRs) from the murine antibody was grafted into a human constant and variable regions (Smith, Nelson et al. 2004). By resurfacing, reshaping and hyperchimerisation of hyperchimeric antibody, the antibody binding affinity improved. Although the above me thods minimize immunogenicity, but immune response result of xenografting may occur. Finally, human antibodies can be generated by transgenic mice and in vitro combinatorial libraries (Brekke and Loset 2003; Brekke and Sandlie 2003; Presta 2006). Antibodies which generated under this method are expected to be identical to human antibodies with clinical significant without any side effects. One of the examples in combinatorial library approach for the selection of antibodies is by phage display technology in which antibody variables domain are expressed as fusion protein as coated on the surface of the bacteriophages. Under combinatorial library approaches and transgenic mice, the chance of getting fully human antibodies are higher when compared to hybridoma and chimeric antibody technologies. In addition, single-chain variable fragment (scFv) and Fab fragment can be isolated (Brekke and Loset 2003; Brekke and Sandlie 2003). Therapeutics application Fc portion in an intact antibody trigger effector function which is undesirable for therapeutic applications. Therefore, for a desirable antibodies design for cytokine inactivation or receptor blockage, the main considerations of antibody design are: size, tissue penetration, distribution, half-life, effector function, affinity, stability and immunogenicity. scFv and Fab fragments are preferred as choice of preference when compared to traditional antibodies because of smallest in size, high binding affinity, specificity, good tissue penetration and reducing immunogenicity due to HAMA response. scFv and Fab antibodies have a shorter half-life than whole antibodies and this drawback can be overcome by PEGylation. In addition, the attachment of PEGylation of murine monoclonal antibody reduces HAMA response of the host after administration(Laffly and Sodoyer 2005). Applications of monoclonal antibodies are vastly employed in therapeutic agents (e.g. treatment of cancer) and in clinical diagnostic (e.g. histopathological diagnosis). Humanized mAbs (transgenic mice) (resurfacing, reshaping and hyperchimerisation, etc) Phage display technology (Fabs and Fvs) In recent years MAbs have become very important commercial reagents, and currently contribute to over 30% of biopharmaceuticals in development and production. To date, 10 different MAbs have achieved FDA approval, with others in phase III trials.4 Applications Antibody conjugates (Majidi, Barar et al. 2009) Unconjugated mAbs (Majidi, Barar et al. 2009) rAbs for cancer therapy immunohistology genetic immunotherapy(Pelegrin, Gros et al. 2004) scFv for diagnostics tools (size, immunosensor, inhibition of imnflammation and complement system) (Hagemeyer, von Zur Muhlen et al. 2009) Problems polyclonal vs monoclonal therapeutics (Haurum 2006) TGN1412 incident (Self and Thompson 2006) References: Baert, F., M. Noman, et al. (2003). Influence of immunogenicity on the long-term efficacy of infliximab in Crohns disease. N Engl J Med 348(7): 601-608. Brekke, O. H. and G. A. Loset (2003). New technologies in therapeutic antibody development. Curr Opin Pharmacol 3(5): 544-550. Brekke, O. H. and I. Sandlie (2003). Therapeutic antibodies for human diseases at the dawn of the twenty-first century. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2(1): 52-62. Chatenoud, L., M. F. Baudrihaye, et al. (1986). Restriction of the human in vivo immune response against the mouse monoclonal antibody OKT3. J Immunol 137(3): 830-838. Chatenoud, L., M. Jonker, et al. (1986). The human immune response to the OKT3 monoclonal antibody is oligoclonal. Science 232(4756): 1406-1408. DeNardo, G. L., B. M. Bradt, et al. (2003). Human antiglobulin response to foreign antibodies: therapeutic benefit? Cancer Immunol Immunother 52(5): 309-316. Hagemeyer, C. E., C. von Zur Muhlen, et al. (2009). Single-chain antibodies as diagnostic tools and therapeutic agents. Thromb Haemost 101(6): 1012-1019. Haurum, J. S. (2006). Recombinant polyclonal antibodies: the next generation of antibody therapeutics? Drug Discov Today 11(13-14): 655-660. Kohler, G. and C. Milstein (1975). Continuous cultures of fused cells secreting antibody of predefined specificity. Nature 256(5517): 495-497. Laffly, E. and R. Sodoyer (2005). Monoclonal and recombinant antibodies, 30 years after. Hum Antibodies 14(1-2): 33-55. Majidi, J., J. Barar, et al. (2009). Target therapy of cancer: implementation of monoclonal antibodies and nanobodies. Hum Antibodies 18(3): 81-100. Nelson, P. N., G. M. Reynolds, et al. (2000). Monoclonal antibodies. Mol Pathol 53(3): 111-117. Pelegrin, M., L. Gros, et al. (2004). Monoclonal antibody-based genetic immunotherapy. Curr Gene Ther 4(3): 347-356. Presta, L. G. (2006). Engineering of therapeutic antibodies to minimize immunogenicity and optimize function. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 58(5-6): 640-656. Self, C. H. and S. Thompson (2006). How specific are therapeutic monoclonal antibodies? Lancet 367(9516): 1038-1039. Smith, K. A., P. N. Nelson, et al. (2004). Demystifiedrecombinant antibodies. J Clin Pathol 57(9): 912-917.

George Handel :: Music, Operas, Allelujah Chorous

George Handel was one of the best composers of his time. Handel really didn’t grow up with music but when he got the hang of it there was no looking back. Handel was not your average child, he became great at what he did at a young age. â€Å"By the age of eleven, Handel was able not only to compose but also to give organ lessons(Kamien 169). Handel played several instruments and begin playing in operas before he was twenty-one. Handel father was important factor of his life, he was the one that let Handel pursue music full-time at a young age. â€Å"Perhaps to honor the wishes of his father, who had died when Handel was twelve, he entered Halle University at seventeen to study law(Kamien 169).† Handel later drop out of school and traveled to different places to pursue his music. George Handel wrote many operas and oratorios. Some of his first operas got him well-known in England. â€Å"He became England’s most important composer and a favorite of Queen Anne, who gave him a subsidy of 200 a year(Kamien 170). But with the good there’s always a bad. For a period of time, Handel shows were doing good, he even had his own company produce his operas but soon things would change. â€Å"Both opera companies went bankrupt as a result of the competition, and Handel suffered a breakdown(Kamien 170). In, 1741, George Handel produce one of his best works Messiah. â€Å"Handel stopped writing operas entirely(Kamien 170).Oratorios poured from his pen(170). Oratorios don’t have acting, and costumes like operas. Messiah still to this day is one of George Handel greatest works. â€Å"Messiah lasts about two and half hours and was composed in just twenty-four days(Kamien 171). Messiah did not get its success overnight but it took time to gain its su ccess. â€Å"Unlike most of Handel’s oratorios, Messiah is meditative rather than dramatic; it lacks plot, action, and specific characters(Kamien 172).†Messiah is still being use to this day. â€Å"Mozart made one, and still later versions are often played by orchestras for one hundred and choruses of several hundred(Kamien 172). Another one of George Handel great works is Hallelujah Chorus. â€Å"This is the popular name for the chorus that closes part 2 of Handel’s Messiah, which consist of three parts(Alison 1).† This chorus is known everywhere, you might have heard it or recognize it in church, movies, and plays. â€Å"In the Hallelujah Chorus, words and phrases are repeated over and over, as has been common practice in choral music for several centuries(Kamien 177). George Handel :: Music, Operas, Allelujah Chorous George Handel was one of the best composers of his time. Handel really didn’t grow up with music but when he got the hang of it there was no looking back. Handel was not your average child, he became great at what he did at a young age. â€Å"By the age of eleven, Handel was able not only to compose but also to give organ lessons(Kamien 169). Handel played several instruments and begin playing in operas before he was twenty-one. Handel father was important factor of his life, he was the one that let Handel pursue music full-time at a young age. â€Å"Perhaps to honor the wishes of his father, who had died when Handel was twelve, he entered Halle University at seventeen to study law(Kamien 169).† Handel later drop out of school and traveled to different places to pursue his music. George Handel wrote many operas and oratorios. Some of his first operas got him well-known in England. â€Å"He became England’s most important composer and a favorite of Queen Anne, who gave him a subsidy of 200 a year(Kamien 170). But with the good there’s always a bad. For a period of time, Handel shows were doing good, he even had his own company produce his operas but soon things would change. â€Å"Both opera companies went bankrupt as a result of the competition, and Handel suffered a breakdown(Kamien 170). In, 1741, George Handel produce one of his best works Messiah. â€Å"Handel stopped writing operas entirely(Kamien 170).Oratorios poured from his pen(170). Oratorios don’t have acting, and costumes like operas. Messiah still to this day is one of George Handel greatest works. â€Å"Messiah lasts about two and half hours and was composed in just twenty-four days(Kamien 171). Messiah did not get its success overnight but it took time to gain its su ccess. â€Å"Unlike most of Handel’s oratorios, Messiah is meditative rather than dramatic; it lacks plot, action, and specific characters(Kamien 172).†Messiah is still being use to this day. â€Å"Mozart made one, and still later versions are often played by orchestras for one hundred and choruses of several hundred(Kamien 172). Another one of George Handel great works is Hallelujah Chorus. â€Å"This is the popular name for the chorus that closes part 2 of Handel’s Messiah, which consist of three parts(Alison 1).† This chorus is known everywhere, you might have heard it or recognize it in church, movies, and plays. â€Å"In the Hallelujah Chorus, words and phrases are repeated over and over, as has been common practice in choral music for several centuries(Kamien 177).

Maquiladora Industry in United States

In this paper I will discuss the history and practices of the Maquiladora industry. I will discuss its background, its problems, the benefits it offers to United States companies, and the impact the NAFTA has and will have on the industry. In addition, I will make a suggestion on a possible strategy the Maquiladoras can adopt in order to address the challenges brought on by the NAFTA, to ensure it remains a strong force in the future. Mexican agricultural workers had been granted temporary work visas allowing them to work in the United States† agricultural industries through a program called the Bracero Program until 1965 when this program was terminated. As a result of this termination, the unemployment rate had exceeded 70% in certain border cities. In May of 1965 the Border Industrialization Program was established as a replacement for the Bracero program. It was later renamed the Maquiladora Program. The program was established by the Mexican government to provide employment for Mexico†s rapidly growing population along its border with the United States. This program was utilized to keep Mexicans from entering the United States. The idea was that Mexican workers would be kept on the Mexican side of the border if they were given factory jobs on the Mexican side. The Maquiladora program also wanted to attract foreign manufacturing facilities, technology, and know-how by giving a permanent tax holiday to manufacturing companies that would set up â€Å"twin plants† on the Mexican side of the border. In the beginning of the program, all foreign-owned operations had to be located within a 20-kilometer strip along the US-Mexican border. Since 1972 they can be located anywhere in Mexico. In 1996 there were around 2,500 Maquiladoras – 35% of them were located in the interior states of Mexico. Last year there were over 3,000 and more and more of these operations are being located outside of the border regions. Each of Mexico†s 31 states has at least one Maquiladora. Maquiladoras, also referred to as â€Å"in bond† or â€Å"twin† plants, are allowed to temporarily import into Mexico (free of tax) machinery, equipment, replacement parts, raw materials, and just about anything that was used in the assembly or manufacture of semi-finished or finished products. Once assembled or manufactured, the Maquila products must be exported unless special permission is obtained to sell a limited amount of output in the Mexican market. When these products are imported back to the United States, import duties are levied on the foreign value-added only. If Maquila products stay in Mexico, the are subject to applicable Mexican duties. The largest issue surrounding the Maquiladora industry is the exploitation of cheap labor. The working conditions are often unsafe, workers are not compensated adequately for their labor, attempts to unionize are discouraged; and sexual discrimination and harassment are too common. The conditions in and outside the Maquiladoras are terrible. Workers perform tasks such as welding without protective masks, leather gloves, or goggles (in many instances) and industrial accidents and toxic exposures are common. This, along with malnutrition caused by low salaries, produce skin illnesses, cancer, irregularities in menstruation, abortions, tumors, intoxication and birth of undernourished or disabled babies. Of the employees, many are young girls and women ranging from the ages of 14 to 20. They work 6 days a week in 10-hour shifts. The average weekly salary for a Maquiladora worker is US$35 – $45 even though the average monthly rent for a house with public services such as running water and electricity is around $200 a month. For the most part, Maquiladoras are unorganized. In those that are organized, state-controlled unions represent the workers. Although some companies are unionized on paper, the unions, for the most part, function to reinforce management policies rather than for the benefit of workers. Then there are what are called â€Å"phantom† unions. These unions do not fight for the worker†s rights. The workers do not even know them and have never seen their union leaders. When a conflict arises in a factory, management informs the worker that their unions have accept these or those conditions. Not only are they not protected by existing unions, those that attempt to unionize and are often threatened or bribed by plant managers and the government. In many companies, discrimination against and harassment of the female employees is very common. Female job applicants are required to produce urine samples to be used for pregnancy test, while some have company doctors and nurses examine the applicants or ask confidential information concerning their contraceptive practices. This is done because pregnant women are refused employment. Sexual harassment is often the rule rather than the exception. Rapes occur frequently and few are reported because women fear being fired or blacklisted. Shame and humiliation also keep them quiet. In Mexico, men and women are equal before the law, but the law does not recognize discrimination as a problem to be solved. The Pollution Brought on by the Maquiladoras The increased pollution, accompanied by the dumping of tons of hazardous wastes, poses a serious health threat to the residents of Mexico as well as the resident of the bordering US states. There are several canals that are â€Å"black† with chemical wastes that have been measured at levels that greatly exceed permissible standards. One factory was caught dumping drums of paint, solvents, and shellac into a drain. In other areas there are abandoned lead smelters and air full of soot and dust from brick-making ovens and smoldering tire dumps. Main Advantages for the United States† Companies For the United States companies this was a great advantage since Maquiladoras operates at very low costs in places where the currency is weaker than the dollar–such as Mexico. The less a currency is worth, the more relative value the dollar has. Since Mexico†s peso is relatively week, companies can trade their dollars for pesos with which they pay workers and expenses. The products they manufacture, however, are sold for dollars, increasing their profits by huge margins whenever the local currency falls. They could enhance competitiveness, reduce their costs, and maintain quality by placing their labor-intensive operations in the less developed Mexico, benefiting from the lower wage rates there. For many US companies, manufacturing in Mexico has become necessary to battle overseas competition. Since many manufacturers are moving to â€Å"just-in-time† inventory systems, the quick delivery possible from Mexico†s border towns offers a substantial advantage over Asian alternatives. The NAFTA†s Impact on the Maquiladora Industry Traditionally, Maquiladoras offered foreign businesses several advantages over other forms of direct foreign investment. Since the signing of NAFTA, however, many of these advantages are either being phased-out or granted to all Mexican companies. The most significant advantages of operating as a Maquiladoras include: 100% foreign investment, operation without ownership of assets, tax sheltering of cost centers, and 100% duty-drawback or waivers for temporary imports. Furthermore, the NAFTA attempted to address the labor exploitation and environmental problems associated with the Maquiladora industry. One of the benefits of the Maquiladora program is 100% foreign investment of Mexican operations, which formerly was not allowed. However, Mexico†s Foreign Investment Law has changed through the years (most significantly in 1989 and 1994)-full investment is now allowed in most business ventures. Operation Without Ownership of Assets Another advantage that Maquiladoras have is that they can receive production materials and capital goods as loans from their parent and client companies. As a result, most Maquiladoras have little of no inventory of fixed assets, eliminating the need to pay the Mexican asset tax of 2% of all assets. In January 1995, the Mexican IRS reported that Maquiladoras would now have to factor the depreciation of â€Å"loaned† assets in price-transfer calculations, which is the first step toward phasing-out this advantage by 2001. When Maquiladoras are structured as cost center (providing manufacturing services for a foreign parent) the foreign corporation has traditionally paid the Mexican company for operating costs plus negligible profit. By doing this they avoid Mexico†s 34% corporate income tax, 10% mandatory profit sharing, and asset taxes. Now the Mexican IRS is changing the way Maquiladoras must declare assets. Over the next few years, Maquiladoras will be forced to raise their declared profit percentage to a rate that is comparable to that of two unrelated companies performing the same transaction at â€Å"arm†s length†. This is the type of transfer pricing procedure that is implemented by most trading blocks, like the EC. It will soon be effect throughout North America. 100% Duty-Drawback or Waivers for Temporary Imports Maquiladoras have always allowed Mexican companies 100% duty drawback or waivers in imported components that are exported as final goods. Since 1994, this has provided many Maquiladora programs a way to use non-NAFTA materials within products without the need to pay the corresponding duties over those materials when importing or exporting goods to other NAFTA nations. On January 1, 2001, Maquiladoras that manufacture goods for export to NAFTA partner countries will no longer be allowed to take the waiver. The waiver will still be available for goods that are going to non-NAFTA countries. In 1995 the NAFTA†s of Labor created the National Administrative Office (NAO) as well as the North American Agreement on Labor Cooperation (NAALC). Both were intended to stop labor abuses. The NOA was established to monitor labor complaints that NAFTA critic†s voice regarding unfair labor practices. The NAO can recommend â€Å"ministerial consultations† as well as imposed heavy sanctions against Mexico. Unfortunately, the side agreements proved useless. The NOA cannot force Maquiladoras to allow unions-the most they can do is recommend â€Å"ministerial consultations.† Sexual harassment and discrimination continues as well. The NAFTA has also created side agreements covering the environment. One of them is the North American Development Bank (NAD Bank). Its purpose was to finance wastewater treatment projects along the border in the poorer communities. However, the most important criteria that needed to be met in order to receive funds were meeting certain market considerations. With this program NAFTA â€Å"encouraged† growth without regard for the environment through its practice of placing market consideration above environmental protection. Another is the Commission for Economic Cooperation (CEC). The CEC was established to investigate governmental non-enforcement of environmental laws. Unfortunately it has no power to enforce ,they can only investigate-and they can†t even do that until Mexico collects the data on the pollution for them. Possible Strategy for the Maquiladora Industry As long as the Mexican currency is weaker than the US dollar I don†t think that the changes are going to dramatically effect the flow of US companies to the south. However, the Maquiladora industry cannot count on this for continued growth. By the year 2001 the Maquiladora industry as we know it now will have significantly changed when the phasing out is complete. Maquiladoras will no longer be â€Å"tax break† establishments; they will be just like other foreign investments. In order for them to fully compete in the near future they must become more efficient and leaner. The impact of globalization is forcing manufacturers to produce more rapidly and cheaply than ever before and to continuously improve. Because there will be no differentiation between the non-Maquiladora and Maquiladora industries I feel the inefficient producers will be wiped out. Therefor, Maquiladora employees will need better training, education, incentives as well improved working conditions and higher wages. Operations will also have to be streamlined in order to reap the benefits of economies of scale and scope. In addition, Mexicans as well as US citizens will start to demand more accountability from the Mexican government and the Maquiladora industry. They need to be more responsible for their actions. What will the U.S. corporations do when human rights activists and environmentalists start lobbying and protesting on their US sites? Do they want to risk losing their shareholders to this type of negative attention?

Running for Student Council Pros and Cons

Running for Student Council Pros and Cons Are you thinking about running for student council? Trying to weigh the pros and cons? The actual rules for student council will differ from school to school, but these tips will help you decide if student council is right for you and will help you prepare a successful campaign. Reasons to Run for Student Council Student government might be a good activity for you if you: Like to bring about changeWould enjoy a career in politicsEnjoy planning eventsAre outgoing and sociableHave time to prepare for attending meetings Common Student Council Positions President: The class president normally runs council meetings. The president often represents the student body in meetings with school administrators.Vice President: The vice president assists the president in many duties. The vice president also stands in for the president and runs the meetings when necessary.Secretary: The class secretary keeps an accurate record of meetings and student activities, programs, and sessions. You should be organized and enjoy writing and taking notes if you run for this position.Treasurer: Are you good with numbers? Interested in bookkeeping or accounting? The treasurer keeps track of student council funds and is responsible for the disbursement of funds. Campaign Planning Consider Why Youre Running: Ask yourself what kinds of changes you want to effect and what issues youd like to resolve. What is your platform? How will the school and student body benefit from your participation in student council? Set a Budget: There are expenses involved with running a campaign. Create a realistic budget, taking into account materials like posters, buttons, and snacks for volunteers. Find Campaign Volunteers: Youll need help creating your campaign and communicating your goals to students. Choose people with a wide variety of skills. For instance,  a strong writer can help with your speech, while an artist can create posters. People from different skill sets can help leverage creativity while people with different interests can assist in broadening your connections. Brainstorm: Think about your strengths, the words that best describe you, your advantages over the other candidates, and your unique message. Its often helpful to ask others to describe how they see you. Tips for Student Council Campaigns Review all the campaign rules carefully. They will differ from school to school, so dont make any assumptions. Remember to check for paperwork submission deadlines.Make sure you meet academic requirements.Complete the application in a professional way. No sloppy handwriting or incomplete answers. Teachers and advisors will be more supportive if you demonstrate that you take the position seriously.You may be required to collect a certain number of signatures from fellow students, teachers, and administrators before you can run. Consider preparing a notecard with important points about your goals and plans and use it as you meet and greet school staff.Identify a certain problem or policy that is meaningful to your classmates and make it part of your platform. However, be sure not to make promises you cant keep.Create a catchy slogan.Find an artistic friend who can help you create publicity material. Why not create postcard-sized ads? Just be sure to follow school rules when it comes to publicity. Prepare a campaign speech. If you are worried about public speaking, practice your speech and follow tips for speaking in class.Remember to play fair. Dont remove, destroy, or cover over other students posters.Be sure to check the rules at your school before investing in giveaways such as items with your name printed on them. At some schools, this sort of advertising may result in disqualification.

Free Essays on Urban Dynamics

Segregation In Urban Areas Since urbanization began in European cities, there has always been segregation, either by class, socio-economic status, political affiliation, etc. In modern American cities stratification is most heavily linked to class or race. There are many reasons that segregation in cities take place, and we will explore the more prevalent ideas of social stratification. When urban centers in America were beginning to take shape, people moved in droves to these industrial metropolises to find work and success. We studied earlier the effects of this mass immigration to cities and saw the horrid living conditions that people endured to find work. The overcrowding of cities made ghettos obvious and wealth was not directly associated with the masses of people moving in. Through the years, urban areas grew with new suburban towns encircling the city. Wealthier people inhabited these suburban areas with the ability to move in and out of cities at their own will. Cities became a melting pot of cultures in a small area. People of the same ethnic background often moved into neighborhoods in which their own culture was dominant as to fit in and feel more at home. These areas are obvious in places such as Chinatown, or â€Å"Little Italy†. Southie, in Boston is dominated by the working class Irish people that came to the American cities as many others did: looking for work, and the American Dream. These social groupings are one way that cities become segregated. This segregation is not the discriminatory term that we usually attribute to the phrase, but the separation of social groups. â€Å"The city in the 1920’s was often a battleground as various groups within the population struggled for social and cultural authority.† New laws in urban centers gave way to a new cultural group as well: criminals. Organized crime in the 1920’s was widespread; â€Å"In New York, Chicago, Detroit, and other cities, big-... Free Essays on Urban Dynamics Free Essays on Urban Dynamics Segregation In Urban Areas Since urbanization began in European cities, there has always been segregation, either by class, socio-economic status, political affiliation, etc. In modern American cities stratification is most heavily linked to class or race. There are many reasons that segregation in cities take place, and we will explore the more prevalent ideas of social stratification. When urban centers in America were beginning to take shape, people moved in droves to these industrial metropolises to find work and success. We studied earlier the effects of this mass immigration to cities and saw the horrid living conditions that people endured to find work. The overcrowding of cities made ghettos obvious and wealth was not directly associated with the masses of people moving in. Through the years, urban areas grew with new suburban towns encircling the city. Wealthier people inhabited these suburban areas with the ability to move in and out of cities at their own will. Cities became a melting pot of cultures in a small area. People of the same ethnic background often moved into neighborhoods in which their own culture was dominant as to fit in and feel more at home. These areas are obvious in places such as Chinatown, or â€Å"Little Italy†. Southie, in Boston is dominated by the working class Irish people that came to the American cities as many others did: looking for work, and the American Dream. These social groupings are one way that cities become segregated. This segregation is not the discriminatory term that we usually attribute to the phrase, but the separation of social groups. â€Å"The city in the 1920’s was often a battleground as various groups within the population struggled for social and cultural authority.† New laws in urban centers gave way to a new cultural group as well: criminals. Organized crime in the 1920’s was widespread; â€Å"In New York, Chicago, Detroit, and other cities, big-...

Divorce(should we reform laws to make it harder to get a divorce) Research Paper

Divorce(should we reform laws to make it harder to get a divorce) - Research Paper Example However, there seems to be great differences in divorce activities among countries, due to variation in law. Historically, the divorce rate has been low in most of the Muslim countries, probably because of the traditional systems of organized marriages and polygamy. Despite of all these efforts, the divorce rates have soared in most of these countries as Women rebel their culture, and engage in businesses across the globe. There are various reasons attributed to cause divorce, ranging from economic and social factors among others. Over the past one decade, people have blamed economic inflations and recession, infidelity, domestic abuse, unusual close attachment to biological family, communication problems, lifestyle incompatibility, and failure to reach expectations among others. As a result, in the aftermath, it affects the families, children, and the communities, not only in the physical aspects, but also psychologically. Hence those seeking divorce and the law offering it should b e mindful of its negative consequences. Short term outcomes: These effects could develop in the process or immediately after the parents’ separation, probably in first two years. Some could occur and end completely, but others could keep reappearing based on the situations the children are engage in. First of all, there are those kids who feel responsible for their parents divorce, therefore, the guilt they have separates them from their parents, not knowing how to resolve the situation. Normally, the children who are always making their parents argue due to their irresponsibility or violence in their past, get to feel so. Remember the children’s personalities differ; hence as some feel guilty, others develop anger and resentment towards their parents for breaking up (â€Å"Effects of Divorce,† separation.ca). It is good to understand that children have different needs and in the surfacing of a divorce, they fail to understand why the two grown ups cannot resolve their

Marketing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Marketing - Assignment Example 1. Most Important Marketing Component A proper and complete Marketing plan consists of all the components as they complement each other and together have a direct impact on the product’s performance in the market. Amongst every component, Promotion can be considered as the most important component of the marketing mix as it actually drives the consumers’ purchase decisions as put by Kyambalesa, (2000) in his book  Marketing in the 21st Century: Concepts, Challenges, and Imperatives. Promotions are the only way through which the consumers can be made aware of any brand and the values which it promises to deliver. By using a full 3600 advertising campaign with strong brand activation campaigns, a company can ensure that the customers are fully aware of the offering which will directly result into sales and revenue for the company (Egan, 2007). 2. Component of Marketing Plan: Importance of Implementation and Controls As explained by Egan, (2007) in his book  Marketing communications, promotional campaigns are the strongest mode of communication between a marketer and the consumer. A strong promotional campaign is of no value to the company and the brand is it is not accurately and effectively implemented.

Company report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Company report - Essay Example In the wake of new era of the then company`s CEO, John F. Welch, General Electrics was at its worst financial and economic doldrums (Slater). During his tenure as the CEO of the company, General Electrics underwent a series of radical financial changes. In 1988, the CEO had managed to salvage the economic performance of the company by acquiring about 338 product lines and business at a cost of $11.1 billion. In the year 2009, the company registered a financial success setting its net income at $0.5 billion with consolidated revenue of $3.4 billion. Similarly, the industrial cash flow arising from the company’s operating activities was at $16.6 billion, a financial figure that remained superior as at that time. The table below shows the financial performance of the General Company from 2009 to 2013. General Electrics has a several competitors in the industry. Some of its active competitors include Citigroup Inc and Koninklijke Philips N.V. The table above shows the direct comparison of General Electric with other companies In the beginning of the week, the GE tries to pursue the Alstom assets to possible purchase of the same. This move seems interesting to the investors and it explains the high opening prices. However, in the course of the week, another setback seems to derail the acquisition of the Alstom; French government signs into law a bill that that bars foreign companies from acquiring local companies. Towards the end of the week, General Electric Company makes a payment of $59 billion as pension but it also introduces benefits to workers who are not productive. These further explain the slight drop in the closing price. The stock prices’ marking the beginning of this week was pegged at 26.55. However, at the end of the week, there was a significant change in stock prices of General Electric. Different news outlets reported that Jeff Immelt, company’s CEO reviewed

Personal Career Goal Paper Essay Example for Free

Personal Career Goal Paper Essay Introduction Psychology has many different types of practices and aspects so essentially to pursue a career in psychology would be too vague. One of the practices that entice my ability to push myself to continue in psychology would be the forensics and the ability to diagnose an individual that tries to say that he or she is mentally unstable. I feel that this is one of the biggest factors that helps prosecute some of the world’s most profound individual’s known to our legal system. Forensic Psychologists: Roles and Activities An interesting article I encountered in regards to my career goals was one written by, John Wiley, named, â€Å"Forensic Psychologists: Roles and Activities†. Forensic psychologists have a role in a variety of agencies and institutions. In legal situations psychologists are used to assess inmates that suffer from different types of disorders, which could lead to hurting themselves or others. They play a role as an evaluator as they monitor the mental state of a person on trial that claims to have a mental disorder. Evaluation of individuals that are on trial claim to have a mental disorder but this is where some of their main contributions are made. The â€Å"insanity† plea is the most common that one will face in this profession, however, if an individual is found incompetent to for trial by due to insanity, psychologists refer them back to the proper institution for proper therapy and treatments. The individual then is to stay in that facility until they are fit for their trail. In either case they are required to testify on the defendants competence to plead insanity or to stand trial. They are also required to testify on the defendants mental state upon  evaluation. Psychologists can be hired by different parties to testify with conclusive evidence, either by the defense attorney or the prosecution attorney. Since either the prosecution or defense is paying them, are they going to state to the court what the person who paid them to testify wants to hear or are they going to be truthful. There really is no guarantee on the forensic psychologists honesty of their testimony, therefore I would not suggest this area of p ractice. Professional interests One of the most important areas, in my opinion, is working with law enforcement agencies. I plan to further pursue a degree in criminology but would I would love to work with individuals who commit the crime that way when I investigate crime scenes I get a better understanding of things. Forensic psychologists are often called upon to conduct a psychological profile on an individual to help solve crimes but without a psychological point of view the law enforcement agencies are limited in assets. Another professional portion I find interesting is how they are able to give information on the approximate age, sex, religion, working status or any other behavioral patterns that might aid in catching a criminal. Forensic psychologists are also used to debrief witnesses or victims who may result in acquiring elaborate information from key persons related to the case. However, some of my favorite reasons would have to include the thought process and thought distribution of serial killers. Being able to dissect some of the common thought processes are what really intrigues me but nevertheless, the overall aspect as to why one would commit such an atrocity. When I was taking psychology in high school, I remember watching a documentary of â€Å"Americas Serial Killers†. This video fascinated me because of how crucial these killers were and how they just loved killing people. Several questions regarding their behavior arose which led to an infinite amount of speculation and unanswered questions. Lastly, these thoughts and actions are what currently motivates me to strive in Psychology only further pursue the career of forensics and criminology. Conclusion Forensic Psychology is a broad and important science on the Criminal Justice system. The main goal is to focus the understandings of the offenders’ behaviors and evaluate not only what makes them offense but also follow the rehabilitation inside and outside correctional. It is important to realize that a forensic psychologist do not perform in all the subspecialties that forensic psychology has to offer. Each practitioner will become an expert in particular areas that allows him or her to focus on specialty fields provided by the profession. References Forensic psychologists: Roles and activities. (2004). In The concise Corsini encyclopedia of psychology and behavioral science. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Retrieved from http://search.credoreference.com.contentproxy.phoenix.edu/content/entry/wileypsych/forensic_psychologists_roles_and_activities/0

Immoral behaviour: Punishable Under Law?

Immoral behaviour: Punishable Under Law? In this essay I will look at behaviours and acts that are considered immoral by the general population and whether they are liable to be punished by the law. It will focus on moral principles and its affects and views on society. I will focus on key immoral behaviours and actions that are legalised or criminalised differently to the UK and see whether certain legislations have help to shape the view on morality of the public or whether it is the publics attitudes that have changed the laws. For example it is immoral as well as unkind to walk by a person in need, on the continent this is known as the Bystander law whereby if there is a person in danger where you could be of assistance and do not help and that individual dies then you could be liable for prosecution. This law does not exist in the UK; which suggests that although an obvious immoral action or behaviour, is still legal. Before addressing this statement, a primary question must be asked: What is morality? Morality is defined by Strawson (1961) as rules or principles governing human behaviour which apply universally within a community or class; it is a code of behaviour that is innate and classified by a higher being. Morality is how groups of individuals interact with each other to create a society in which everyone can live freely and amicably. Breaking these rules set by this higher figure is doing wrong and thus being immoral so creating and environment with a lack of harmony or unity. There is also a definition of morality based on the norms and values set by a religion or individual that must be adhered to. Catholicism for example believes that God is the Supreme Being that has set down the rules and regulations of life within the Ten Commandments. Followers of this religion believe that breaking any of these Ten Commandments would deem you a sinner and be sent to purgatory at death. In the light of religious morality, should an individual breaking these moral codes be punishable under criminal law? However, it is evident that many moral codes either from an innate or religious background are enshrined within the Law, be it Civil or Criminal. The Harm Principle states that an activity cannot be criminalised simply because it is regarded as immoral Herring (2008: 28) Many however, have argued with this prospect in relation to the interests of society. Fox hunting is a widely acclaimed debate; with activists stating that it is immoral to purposely kill an animal for recreation and the hunters stating it is natures hierarchy. However aside from these two main view points, is another in terms of Social immorality, whereby allowing this crude sport diminishes society, creating a less civilised one which condones barbarianism. Lord Devlin has argued that the state can use the criminal law to protect a society from losing its sense of unity and solidarity; thus an immoral act should be punishable if it is in the best interests of society and the people in it. Throughout the last century, laws have changed and acts have been passed to keep up with the changing moral compass of society and to keep in conjunction with human rights. The Suicide Act of 1961 is an important legislation that has help to shape the Criminal Law we have today. Before this Act was passed, a person who committed suicide would not receive the life policy necessary. After the abolition of suicide as a crime, any life insurance payment would be made as long as the policy had been taken out 1 year prior to the death. This act came about due to the changing attitudes of society on Suicide. Homosexuality is another moral offence that was once criminalised under UK law but now isnt. The Homosexuality Act of 1967 stated that homosexuality was legal as long as the participating individuals were over the age of 21, had provided full consent and was in the privacy of their own homes. This change came about, again due to new societal beliefs, and evidence provided by the Wolfend en Report. The report found that homosexuality was not a disease and did comply with full and able mental health. Both homosexuality and suicide are still considered widely immoral by religious sectors and individuals committing either of these acts should be punished by criminal law as well as on a spiritual basis by religious Super- beings. In accordance to Lord Devlin and Societal morality, neither of these actions is creating chaos in society, so should not be criminalised. Religious morality has very specific regulations that are generally followed by those that practice that religion, an individual who is not of that religion or who is not religious in any shape or form should not be punished under their rules. An act that is harmless to society such as homosexuality should not be given an imprisonment sentence because it does not follow the regulations set by Allah or God. From when these deeds were illegal pre 1960 to now the 21st century, there has been greater knowledge and acceptance by society, and the individuals outlook is no longer confined to religious beliefs. A highly ethical as well as moral topic that is not criminalised under any form of the law is Abortion. A mother may legally choose to abort her unborn child up to week 24 of the pregnancy as long as it has been signed off by two doctors. The Abortion Act of 1967 did not legalise abortion but merely create a defence for those wishing to have one. This act has been updated once through out the years, bringing the maximum limit down from 28 weeks to 24 weeks. Legally, a foetus inside the stomach is not yet deemed a child or a human being until he/she is born and thus can be protected under the Law. Under social morals, abortion is not immoral; it is the decision of a mother up to 6 months of pregnancy as to whether she wants to terminate. The guidelines state that abortion can be carried through regardless of the mothers or childs health whether it is good or bad, and it has to be done in a qualified and suitable establishment. In terms of religious morality, the termination of life is murder. As soon as the egg turns into a foetus life has began and terminating it prematurely and unnaturally should be criminalised. There are statistics to show that at 23 weeks, 44 of 283 children survived and at 24 weeks 198 of 474 of babies survived. Of the 201,173 abortions in England and Wales in 2006, 1,262 were at 22 weeks or more. A study at University College London Hospital found that only 33% of babies born between 22 and 25 weeks survived in 1980 whereas ten years later there is 71% of survival (Kirkup 2008). Two major questions that need to be asked is should abortion be under any form of the law e.g. civil law and if so, should it be criminalised. In my opinion, this immoral act should firstly be punishable under criminal law as well as civil law, whether an individual holds any sort of belief on this topic; it is immoral to murder an unborn child up to 6 months of pregnancy because they dont want it. The law should be changed to firstly lower the maximum abortion l imit to the 1st trimester, secondly to only allow abortion up to 6 months if either the mothers or childs health is in serious danger, and thirdly any individual not complying with these regulations to be punished under a criminal law. Moving on are actions that are considered immoral and wrong by the majority of any population that are punishable under civil law but not under criminal law in the UK. Adultery is an example of this, whereby it can be used for grounds of divorce but in Europe is a not ground for imprisonment or any other form of punishment. From a piece in the British Journal of Sociology, it shows that many British females have strong views on infidelity believing that it is immoral to cheat on her spouse. Even with these strong beliefs, the majority of the females with this view have had at least one adulterous liaison. In the US however, 94% of Americans disapprove of adultery. In the US, adultery is punishable under criminal law, an individual found guilty of infidelity can get up to two years of imprisonment. In many Muslim countries however, the price of infidelity is far greater, where women are stoned to death if caught cheating on their husbands. If adultery were criminalised the percentage of individuals committing the knowingly immoral act may decrease, thus providing a more harmonious and moral society. Adultery is a widely acclaimed immoral act that needs to be punished as not only does it breaks the sacred bonds between husband and wife but also dissipates the meaning of marriage in society. Torture is deemed immoral and in fact is illegal. Anyone proved guilty in any country of the world will be subject to imprisonment of over 18 months. The focus of this immorality is the difference between Sado masochism and the torture performed by individuals or groups of individuals at Guantanamo Bay prison. There seems to be no consistency in how torture seems to be punished under the same law. Kelman (2005:8) states that torture is considered illegal and immoral by the international community; that it is a crime under the U.N. Convention against Torture which has been adopted by the General Assembly in 1984. Even though this law seems to be clear, any official in the Guantanamo Bay prison torturing a terrorist suspect is not punished under the law, whereby a group of individuals are imprisoned for being Sado-Masochists in the privacy of their own home; seen in Reg V Brown. An article in the New York Review, written by Anthony Lewis shows evidence from a draft report to the Secret ary of Defence which states that Americans who torture captives can escape punishment if they can prove they did not have an intent to cause sever physical or mental pain or suffering (Lewis 2004). Looking at this quotation in relation to the Reg V Brown case where the defendants willingly participated in the commission of acts of violence against each other, including genital torture, for sexual pleasure which stimulated the giving and receiving of pain. Here the so called torture received was consensual, and all acts were performed private locations, yet were still convicted of Actual Bodily Harm contrary to Section 47 and Unlawful Wounding contrary to Section 20 of the Offences against the Person Act 1861. Both torture for sexual pleasure and torture as an interrogation technique are immoral yet are not treated similarly in terms of the law. Officers who treat suspects in such a vile way should be imprisoned for Actual Bodily Harm as there is intent to harm and Unlawful Wounding just as the males who were Sado masochists. It is difficult to state whether all widely immoral issues should be punishable under the criminal law; however what we have found is that certain actions such as adultery and abortion are criminalised in other countries around the world apart from the UK and the view of the public regarding its moral status is different to those of the British. It is evident to state that actions that are solely immoral in the eyes of a religious person cannot be and should not be punishable as it does not protect the individuals human rights and individual decisions. From this account we have seen that even immoral as well as illegal acts for example torture are not punishable in the same degree according to who the participating figures are. Before asking the question: should all immoral acts be punishable, the punishment for the already illegal and also immoral actions needs to be consistent and fair.

How War was Portrayed in Beowulf :: Epic of Beowulf Essays

How War was Portrayed in Beowulf The anonymous author of Beowulf can easily be construed as either arguing for or against war in its basic form. However, on a deeper level, the author is giving a profound and perhaps comforting view of war during this time period. The author we know has a great respect for wyrd or fate. We know that the outcome of any engagement of war is already pre-ordained by the Almighty so how could one argue for or against war when the general consensus was that there was really nothing to be done about it? The author is trying to say that war is a fact of life and no more in the command of man than the weather storms or rising and falling of the tides. In â€Å"The Wanderer† the author says of the warrior that â€Å"fully fixed is his fate†(Norton 100). There can be no meandering on the path of one’s fate, no matter his mindset or resolve. Beowulf also echoes this sentiment in the line â€Å"Hrothgar was given success in warfare, glory in battle†(Donaldson 4). Glory in battle is not something that is won or achieved. The virtues of success in battle and glory are not given out by lords, save but One. Only the Almighty may bestow the honor and glories of battle. Another passage in Beowulf further reveals this idea. â€Å"Then may Almighty God assign glory on whichever hand seems good to him.† This reinforces the idea that fate controls all things but further asserts that the strength of both combatants has no real relevance to the outcome of battle which is decided by the Almighty. This is not to say that any man on any day who is favor of God may achieve glory and renown by haplessly throwing himself into battle. We are shown in Beowulf that the only part of the battle left up to man is his courage and bravery. These virtues, which were held in such high esteem, can bring a man to the brink of victory and glory. His steadfastness seems a prerequisite to God’s favor. God does not reward cowardice as we see in the case of Unferth and the thanes of Beowulf save for Wiglaf in his final battle with the dragon. God rewards those who stand tall in the face of evil. Here is a passage to illustrate this point found in Beowulf.

Comparing Ancient and Classical Art Essay

Ancient and classical art comes in all different shapes and sizes of visual experience. In this paper we explore into the making and design of two unique architectural buildings, Stonehenge and The Great Stupa at Sanchi. These two fascinating buildings were built in different eras from BCE to CE and yet have many similarities, and as well carry distinct differences between the cultural values and the purpose they were intended. This paper will also focus on the area’s region and the functions these two artifacts carry in our culture in the present day. The Stonehenge is located in Wiltshire, England. The Stonehenge is made up of many different size stones. The heal stone alone is 16ft tall, weighing 35 tons. When the sun sets, this stone casts a shadow towards the main circle of stones. There are two smaller stones known as the â€Å"Avenue†, which are lined up and these also cast a shadow in the direction of the circle. There are 2 stones that follow the â€Å"Avenue†, that stand next to each other, almost like an entrance to the outer circle of stones. The two stones are known as the â€Å"slaughter stone†. The slaughter stones were believed to be a place of human sacrifice. The main circle of stones are known as â€Å"The Sarsen Circle†. These stones are set in a circle and supported by tenon joints. The circles of stones are also circled by the outer bank, which is a 330ft in diameter and is the oldest construction in the area. In the middle of the circle consists of five trilithons. These stand 22ft above ground and are 8ft below ground level. The weight of these stones is 50 tons. In the inner circle is also the â€Å"Altar Stone†, this is made of smooth, green sand stone, which is known as one of the most recognizable stones at Stonehenge. The main circle of stones, have smaller stones inside, which also form an inner circle and these are known as â€Å"Bluestone Circle†. The Stonehenge was believe to be built in 2750-1500 BCE. The stupa sits on a hilltop in central India. The stupa consists of four gateways and each gateway has decorations that tell a story in regards to the life of Buddha. The shape of the stupa is dome shaped and is surrounded by a fence to limit distractions during the meditation period. The dome has an upper and lower pathway. The lower path represents the path of life and the upper representing enlightenment. The top of the dome has an umbrella, which is a tower of three discs, smaller at the top and bigger at the bottom. All three discs represent something different, from top to bottom, Buddha, his teachings and the community of Buddhist. The Stupa was built over 400 years, but most of its completion was in 15CE. The Stonehenge World Heritage spans ten miles around the famous site of Stonehenge. The region is also known as the Salisbury Plains as the location is grassy and flat. This Neolithic artwork in the United Kingdom is a famous destination for many individuals around the world. Unlike the region in which Stonehenge is located, the Great Stupa at Sanchi rests upon a hilltop in central India. Sanchi, which stands for small village is located in the Raisen district of the Madhya Pradesh (â€Å"Sanchi City Travel Guide†, n.d.). The surroundings of the Stupa is calm and restful and it is surrounded by hills, trees, and other types of vegetation. Many individuals still visit this religious site along with other temples and stupas located in this region. Scientists believe that it took over 600 individuals to create the famous Stonehenge monuments. This was because some of the rocks weighted some 50 tons. Great teamwork by the Neolithic people of Britain is attributed to the creation of Stonehenge. The great emperor Ashoka of Maurya is the creator of the Great Stupa at Sanchi although this site was rediscovered in 1818 by a British officer. It was then that the site was reconstructed to the condition that is in today. It is believed that that Ashoka created this and many other stupa in the area to divide relics of Buddha after his passing (â€Å"Stupa†, 2013). Their designs are circular, which is the first thing that viewers notice. With the huge stones used to build the Stonehenge and the complexity of The Great  Stupa at Sanchi, it definitely would have taken teamwork to get the jobs done. As the Closer Look states, â€Å"The stupa was built over a period of 400 years† (Closer look n.d.) and the Stonehenge took hundreds of people’s cooperation to build. These many groups of people probably valued socialism and teamwork in their cultures. With their hard work they completed something bigger than themselves which probably made the activity that more valua ble and special. The Closer look suggests that the Stonehenge was a burial ground due to the discoveries of human remains. According to Mike Parker-Pearson, â€Å"Villagers would have transported their dead down an avenue leading to the River Avon, then journeyed downstream, in a ritual symbolizing the passage to the afterlife, finally arriving at an avenue leading up to Stonehenge from the river.† (Closer Look n.d.) As for The Great Stupa at Sanchi, it represented Buddha’s life and was also a place for meditation. The Stonehenge and The Great Stupa at Sanchi have one obvious similarity; they both are made of stone and they took many of years to complete. These two works of art are very different from one another. The Stonehenge purpose is unknown still to this day. There are guesses and assumptions but there is no known fact about what it was used for. The Great Stupa at Sanchi was used for meditation purposes and where pilgrims would try to achieve harmony with Buddha and his life pat h. The Stonehenge was seen a great place to socialize but on the other hand, The Great Stupa at Sanchi was used by people to be peaceful, quiet, and calm. This great place is a relic of Buddha, and is used to worship him, as well as other Buddhist Gods. These two historical places, architecture could not be any more different. The Stonehenge is made of many separate stone setups that make up a circle and The Great Stupa at Sanchi is a dome shape to represent the earth. These two works of art, Great Stupa at Sanchi and the Stonehenge, both still have a function in today’s culture. They both are not physically used by everyone like they once were, but people are still able to see them in person. They are now tourist attractions which help others understand what they are, how they were, utilized, and more about each culture in that era. In conclusion, when we compare the architectural values and the visual description of each artwork, we find that they both hold a special meaning to the time and era of its  making. It can range from religious interpretation to the never ending mysteries that these attractions hold. It is all in the eye of the beholder. Whatever their original designs were meant for, whether it is human sacrifice or to leave a piece of art that would last through the ages, it is undoubtedly part of the power that ancient and classical art hold. So knowing the designer, the builders, and geographic locations of these pieces all play a part in their signature, it still leaves the world debating on whether it is even human design or that of a much more advanced race. References Closer look. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://closerlook.pearsoncmg.com/view.php?type=closerlook&id=653# Sanchi City Travel Guide. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.hoparoundindia.com/madhya- pradesh/city-guides/sanchi.aspx Stupa. (2013). Retrieved from http://www.ancient.eu/stupa/ University of Phoenix.(2010). A World of Art, Ch.17. Retrieved from University of Phoenix, ARTS230 website.

Strategic business management planning The WritePass Journal

Strategic business management planning Introduction Strategic business management planning Introduction Importance of trainingValue of Staff coachingHuman resources and value of Training budgetBudget and talent assessmentFunds and training  Skills  Time of recessionConclusionReferenceRelated Introduction Training has great value in business .The trained employees also gives the benefits to the business. Training programs give more value for the organizations where programs reflect the key measures of business performance. Training also helps the management to filter the employees on the basics of training outcomes. There are two catageroys of trained or untrained employees in business .when we talk about the trained workers they are highly skilled and more beneficial for business .Our business also depend on the employees. Importance of training Training is important for any business .without   training we cannot successful in our business .staff training is essential for the business .we cannot avoid the staff training for the better future of the business . So being a HR manager of the company, after long investigation into the requirements to reduce costs by visiting and passing through the current situation of companies who are terribly affected by crises Financial due to the recession. I would suggest to the board to continue spending on staff training rather than stopping completely, because I think that trained, competent, dynamic and qualified staff numbers is an asset to our organization and that training programs and employee benefits to attract and motivate our staff to work more effectively to achieve the objectives of our organization and they want to stay and work with our organization. Value of Staff coaching When business is slow then it is time for new leaders within your company. We need leaders to move and motivate our existing employees because in bad times employees look to the CEOs. Thus, each employee cannot set their own targets they need help from leaders. Training improves the efficiency of the workforce and enables them to perform their tasks more efficiently. The increase in employee productivity can save more to reduce the training budget. Human resources and value of Training budget Training budget is also included in business. The training must be seen as an investment, and as a business tool. For example when we talk about the large they have budget for the training .we do not spend our budget in a non profit expenses. Investing in training is an investment will be return in future. Budget and talent assessment We built our budget on training and retention of talent of our employees, but before selecting staff for further training or development of their talent, I would suggest to go for talent assessment of each employee. In terms of talent management, we can make an assessment of our employees, for two main areas of performance measurement and capacity. Current performance of the employee in specific job has always been a standard tool for measuring the cost-effectiveness evaluation of the employee. However, talent management also tends to focus on the potential employee that is the future of an employee if given the proper skills and responsibility. Funds and training Funds are necessary to develop, retain, evaluate and attract the workforce. To provide prompt and professional customer service or support. This is important for the board of directors to continue spending on staff training rather than stopping it completely because I think that trained, competent, dynamic and skilled   workforce is an asset of our organization as well as training programs and its benefits to the employees will attract and motivate our staff to work more efficiently to achieve the objectives of our organization and they would like to stay and work with the organization. ListenRead phoneticallDictionary View detailed dictionary Training helps to achieve organizational goals Collect reliable and convincing showing how the achievement of course learning outcomes provide tangible benefits to the organization. How would we like training programs help reduce error rates, more satisfied customers, more sales, or anything that our management team considers it important? In some cases we might need to calculate the return on investment (ROI) of a training program to prove the value of baseline.   Skills The employees feel motivated when the company recognizes that improving their skills will help firm’s results, and employees can continue to contribute to the better. Compete better If we do not train people to our competitors will do it. Having the best staff in all aspects of today is the key to success in business. Not just having a good product, good service, but with good training.   Time of recession At the time of recession our organization also faced with a low response to advertisements from our company and because of low sales and low return on investment (ROI) Board of Directors decides to cut the budget for training before the business becomes profitable, but its time to look at how our employees are training and what type of training they require to make our company more profitable. In these difficult times, our employees look to their leaders so that the time to prepare a few more competent staff, so they can benefit from our organization. So being an HR director I conclude that training is main part of the job and HR department should not be cut down the training budget. It is the driving force behind the organization’s success. If we do not train our staff it will effect on the productivity and organization will go to the loss instead of success. Conclusion So, we must decide how to focus on training. Invest in training that would meet the previous requirements. Not all workers are entitled to a training program, the selection according to the needs of businesses and workers need to be done. Diagnosis of training needs to be done, preferably through and outsourcing company, so we can find out what our basic training needs. We do not stop investing in training, it is easy to cut costs that way, but our business future may be damaged. Education should be seen as a strategic tool for business success. So it is also important tool of success in business. Reference www.business knowhow .com www.businessball.com